declaration 音标拼音: [d
, ɛklɚ'eʃən]
n . 宣布,宣告,声明,宣言
宣布,宣告,声明,宣言
declaration 宣告
declaration 宣告
declaration n 1 :
a statement that is emphatic and explicit (
spoken or written )
2 : (
law )
unsworn statement that can be admitted in evidence in a legal transaction ; "
his declaration of innocence "
3 :
a statement of taxable goods or of dutiable properties 4 : (
contract bridge )
the highest bid becomes the contract setting the number of tricks that the bidder must make [
synonym :
{
contract }, {
declaration }]
5 :
a formal public statement ; "
the government made an announcement about changes in the drug war "; "
a declaration of independence " [
synonym : {
announcement }, {
proclamation },
{
annunciation }, {
declaration }]
6 :
a formal expression by a meeting ;
agreed to by a vote [
synonym :
{
resolution }, {
declaration }, {
resolve }]
Declaration \
Dec `
la *
ra "
tion \,
n . [
F .
d ['
e ]
claration ,
fr .
L .
declaratio ,
fr .
declarare .
See {
Declare }.]
1 .
The act of declaring ,
or publicly announcing ;
explicit asserting ;
undisguised token of a ground or side taken on any subject ;
proclamation ;
exposition ;
as ,
the declaration of an opinion ;
a declaration of war ,
etc .
[
1913 Webster ]
2 .
That which is declared or proclaimed ;
announcement ;
distinct statement ;
formal expression ;
avowal .
[
1913 Webster ]
Declarations of mercy and love . . .
in the Gospel .
--
Tillotson .
[
1913 Webster ]
3 .
The document or instrument containing such statement or proclamation ;
as ,
the Declaration of Independence (
now preserved in Washington ).
[
1913 Webster ]
In 1776 the Americans laid before Europe that noble Declaration ,
which ought to be hung up in the nursery of every king ,
and blazoned on the porch of every royal palace . --
Buckle .
[
1913 Webster ]
4 . (
Law )
That part of the process or pleadings in which the plaintiff sets forth in order and at large his cause of complaint ;
the narration of the plaintiff '
s case containing the count ,
or counts .
See {
Count },
n .,
3 .
[
1913 Webster ]
{
Declaration of Independence }. (
Amer .
Hist .)
See Declaration of Independence in the vocabulary .
See also under {
Independence }.
{
Declaration of rights }. (
Eng .
Hist )
See {
Bill of rights },
under {
Bill }.
{
Declaration of trust } (
Law ),
a paper subscribed by a grantee of property ,
acknowledging that he holds it in trust for the purposes and upon the terms set forth . --
Abbott .
[
1913 Webster ]
131 Moby Thesaurus words for "
declaration ":
Parthian shot ,
acceptance ,
acknowledgment ,
address ,
admission ,
advertisement ,
affidavit ,
affirmance ,
affirmation ,
allegation ,
allowance ,
announcement ,
annunciation ,
answer ,
apostrophe ,
appointment ,
appreciation ,
assertion ,
asseveration ,
attest ,
attestation ,
averment ,
avouchment ,
avowal ,
bill ,
bill of complaint ,
brevet ,
broadcast ,
bull ,
bulletin board ,
circular ,
claim ,
comment ,
communication ,
communique ,
complaint ,
compurgation ,
concession ,
conclusion ,
confession ,
confession of faith ,
crack ,
creed ,
declaration of faith ,
decree ,
decree -
law ,
decreement ,
decretal ,
decretum ,
deposition ,
dictum ,
diktat ,
disclosure ,
edict ,
edictum ,
encyclical ,
enunciation ,
exclamation ,
expression ,
fiat ,
greeting ,
information ,
instrument in proof ,
interjection ,
ipse dixit ,
law ,
legal evidence ,
libel ,
manifesto ,
mention ,
narratio ,
nolle prosequi ,
nonsuit ,
note ,
notice ,
notification ,
observation ,
ordinance ,
ordonnance ,
phrase ,
position ,
position paper ,
positive declaration ,
predicate ,
predication ,
proclamation ,
profession ,
program ,
programma ,
promulgation ,
pronouncement ,
pronunciamento ,
proposition ,
protest ,
protestation ,
public notice ,
publication ,
question ,
recognition ,
reflection ,
remark ,
report ,
rescript ,
revelation ,
rule ,
ruling ,
say ,
say -
so ,
saying ,
senatus consult ,
senatus consultum ,
sentence ,
stance ,
stand ,
statement ,
statement of facts ,
subjoinder ,
sworn evidence ,
sworn statement ,
sworn testimony ,
testimonial ,
testimonium ,
testimony ,
thought ,
ukase ,
utterance ,
vouch ,
white book ,
white paper ,
witness ,
word DECLARATION ,
pleading .
A declaration is a specification ,
in a methodical and logical form ,
of the circumstances which constitute the plaintiff '
s cause of action .
1 Chit .
Pl .
248 ;
Co .
Litt .
17 ,
a ,
303 ,
a ;
Bac .
Abr .
Pleas ,
B ;
Com .
Dig .
Pleader ,
C 7 ;
Lawes on Pl .
35 ;
Steph Pl .
36 ;
6 Serg . &
Rawle ,
28 .
In real actions ,
it is most properly called the count ;
in a personal one ,
the declaration .
Steph .
Pl .
36 Doct .
Pl .
83 ;
Lawes ,
Plead .
33 ;
see P .
N .
B .
16 ,
a ,
60 ,
d .
The latter ,
however ,
is now the general term ;
being that commonly used when referring to real and personal actions without distinction .
3 Bouv .
Inst .
n .
2815 .
2 .
The declaration in an action at law answers to the bill in chancery ,
the libel of the civilians ,
and the allegation of the ecclesiastical courts .
3 .
It may be considered with reference ,
1st .
To those general requisites or qualities which govern the whole declaration ;
and 2d .
To its form ,
particular parts ,
and requisites .
4 .-
1 .
The general requisites or qualities of a declaration are first ,
that it correspond with the process .
But ,
according to the present practice of the courts ,
oyer of the writ cannot be craved ;
and a variance between the writ and declaration cannot be pleaded in abatement .
1 Saund .
318 ;
a .
5 .
Secondly .
The second general requisite of a declaration is ,
that it contain a statement of all the facts necessary in point of law ,
to sustain the action ,
and no more .
Co .
Litt .
303 ,
a ;
Plowd .
84 ,
122 .
See 2 Mass .
863 ;
Cowp .
682 ;
6 East ,
R .
422 5 T .
R .
623 ;
Vin .
Ab .
Declarations .
6 .
Thirdly .
These circumstances must be stated with certainty and truth .
The certainty necessary in a declaration is ,
to a certain intent in general ,
which should pervade the whole declaration ,
and is particularly required in setting forth ,
1st .
The parties ;
it must be stated with certainty who are the parties to the suit ,
and therefore a declaration by or against "
C D and Company ,"
not being a corporation ,
is insufficient .
See Com .
Dig .
Pleader ,
C I 8 1 Camp .
R .
446 I T .
R .
508 ;
3 Caines ,
R .
170 .
2d .
The time ;
in personal actions the declaration must ,
in general ,
state a time when every material or traversable fact happened ;
and when a venue is necessary ,
time must also ,
be mentioned .
5 T .
R .
620 ;
Com .
Dig .
Plead .
C 19 ;
Plowd .
24 ;
14 East ,
R .
390 .;
The precise time ,
however ,
is not material ;
2 Dall .
346 ;
3 Johns .
R .
43 ;
13 Johns .
R .
253 ;
unless it constitutes a material part of the contract declared upon ,
or where the date , &
c .,
of a written contract or record ,
is averred ;
4 T .
R .
590 10 Mod .
313 2 Camp .
R .
307 ,
8 ,
n .;
or ,
in ejectment ,
in which the demise must be stated to have been made after the title of the lessor of the plaintiff ,
and his right of entry ,
accrued .
2 East ,
R .
257 ;
1 Johns .
Cas .
283 .
3d .
The Place .
See Venue .
4th .
Other circumstances necessary to maintain the action .
7 .-
2 .
The parts and particular requisites of a declaration are ,
first ,
the title of the court and term .
See 1 Chit .
Pl .
261 ,
et seq .
8 .
Secondly .
The venue .
Immediately after the title of the declaration follows the statement in the margin of the venue ,
or county in which the facts are alleged to have occurred ,
and in which the cause is tried .
See Venue .
9 .
Thirdly .
The commencement .
What is termed the commencement of the declaration follows the venue in the margin ,
and precedes the more circumstantial statement of the cause of action .
It contains a statement ,
1st .
Of the names of the parties to the suit ,
and if they sue or be sued in another right ,
or in a political capacity , (
as executors ,
assignees ,
qui lam , &
c .)
of the character or right in respect of which they are parties to the suit .
2d .
Of the mode in which the defendant has been brought into court ;
and ,
3d .
A brief recital of the form of action to be proceeded in .
1 Saund .
318 ,
Id .
111 ,
112 ;
6 T .
R .
130 .
10 .
Fourthly .
The statement of the cause (
if action ,
in which all the requisites of certainty before mentioned must be observed ,
necessarily varies ,
according to the circumstances of each particular case ,
and the form of action ,
whether in assumpsit ,
debt ,
covenant ,
detinue ,
case ,
trover ,
replevin or trespass .
11 .
Fifthly .
The several counts .
A declaration may consist of as many counts as the case requires ,
and the jury may assess entire or distinct damages on .
all the counts ;
3 Wils .
R .
185 ;
2 Bay ,
R .
206 ;
and it is usual ,
particularly in actions of assumpsit ,
debt on simple contract ,
and actions on the case ,
to set forth the plaintiff '
s cause of action in various shapes in different counts ,
so that if the plaintiff fail in proof of one count ,
he may succeed in another .
3 Bl .
Com .
295 .
12 .
Sixthly .
The conclusion .
In personal and mixed actions the declaration should conclude to the damage of the plaintiff ;
Com .
Dig .
Pleader ,
C 84 ;
10 Co .
116 ,
b .
117 ,
a .;
unless in scire facias and in penal actions at the suit of a common informer .
13 .
Seventhly .
The profert and pledges .
In an action at the suit of an executor or administrator ,
immediately after the conclusion to the damages ,
&
c .,
and before the pledges ,
a profert of the letters testamentary or letters of administration should be made .
Bac .
Abr .
Executor ,
C ;
Dougl .
6 ,
in notes .
At the end of the declaration ,
it is usual to add the plaintiff is common pledges to prosecute ,
John Doe and Richard Roe .
14 .
A declaration may be general or special ;
for example ,
in debt or bond ,
a declaration counting on the penal part only ,
is general ;
when it sets out both the penalty and the condition ,
and assigns the breach ,
it is special .
Gould on Pl .
c .
4 ,
Sec .
50 .
See ,
generally ,
Bouv .
Inst .
Index ,
h .
t .
1 Chit .
Pl .
248 to 402 ;
Lawes ,
Pl .
Index )
h .
t .;
Arch .
Civ .
Pl .
index ,
h .
t .;
Steph .
Pl .
h .
t .;
Grab .
Pr .
h .
t .;
Com .
Dig .
Pleader ,
h .
t .;
Dane '
s Ab .
h .
t .;
United States Dig .
Pleadings ii .
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