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Linux    
n. 使用于PC上的unix系统

使用於PC上的unix系统

Linux
n 1: an open-source version of the UNIX operating system

("Linus Unix") /li'nuks/ (but see below)
An implementation of the {Unix} {kernel} originally written
from scratch with no proprietary code.

The kernel runs on {Intel} and {Alpha} hardware in the general
release, with {SPARC}, {PowerPC}, {MIPS}, {ARM}, {Amiga},
{Atari}, and {SGI} in active development. The SPARC, PowerPC,
ARM, {PowerMAC} - {OSF}, and 68k ports all support {shells},
{X} and {networking}. The Intel and SPARC versions have
reliable {symmetric multiprocessing}.

Work on the kernel is coordinated by Linus Torvalds, who holds
the copyright on a large part of it. The rest of the
copyright is held by a large number of other contributors (or
their employers). Regardless of the copyright ownerships, the
kernel as a whole is available under the {GNU} {General Public
License}. The GNU project supports Linux as its kernel until
the research {Hurd} kernel is completed.

This kernel would be no use without {application programs}.
The GNU project has provided large numbers of quality tools,
and together with other {public domain} software it is a rich
Unix environment. A compilation of the Linux kernel and these
tools is known as a Linux distribution. Compatibility modules
and/or {emulators} exist for dozens of other computing
environments.

The kernel version numbers are significant: the odd numbered
series (e.g. 1.3.xx) is the development (or beta) kernel which
evolves very quickly. Stable (or release) kernels have even
major version numbers (e.g. 1.2.xx).

There is a lot of commercial support for and use of Linux,
both by hardware companies such as {Digital}, {IBM}, and
{Apple} and numerous smaller network and integration
specialists. There are many commercially supported
distributions which are generally entirely under the GPL. At
least one distribution vendor guarantees {Posix} compliance.
Linux is particularly popular for {Internet Service
Providers}, and there are ports to both parallel
supercomputers and {embedded} {microcontrollers}. {Debian} is
one popular {open source} distribution.

The pronunciation of "Linux" has been a matter of much debate.
Many, including Torvalds, insist on the short I pronunciation
/li'nuks/ because "Linus" has an /ee/ sound in Swedish
(Linus's family is part of Finland's 6% ethnic-Swedish
minority) and Linus considers English short /i/ to be closer
to /ee/ than English long /i:/ dipthong. This is consistent
with the short I in words like "linen". This doesn't stop
others demanding a long I /li:'nuks/ following the english
pronunciation of "Linus" and "minus". Others say /li'niks/
following {Minix}, which Torvalds was working on before Linux.

{More on pronunciation
(http://foldoc.org/pub/misc/linux-pronunciation)}.

{LinuxHQ (http://linuxhq.com/)}. {slashdot
(http://slashdot.org/)}. {freshmeat (http://freshmeat.net/)}.
{Woven Goods (http://fokus.gmd.de/linux/)}. {Linux
Gazette (http://ssc.com/lg)}.

{funet Linux Archive (ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux)}, {US
mirror (ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/)}, {UK Mirror
(ftp://sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/Linux/)}.

(2000-06-09)

Linux: /lee´nuhks/, /li´nuks/, not, /li:´nuhks/, n. The free Unix workalike created by Linus Torvalds and friends
starting about 1991. The pronunciation /li´nuhks/ is preferred because the
name ‘Linus’ has an /ee/ sound in Swedish (Linus's family is
part of Finland's 6% ethnic-Swedish minority) and Linus considers English
short /i/ to be closer to
/ee/ than English long /i:/. This may be the most remarkable
hacker project in history — an entire clone of Unix for 386, 486 and
Pentium micros, distributed for free with sources over the net (ports to
Alpha and Sparc and many other machines are also in use).Linux is what GNU aimed to be, and it relies
on the GNU toolset. But the Free Software Foundation didn't produce the
kernel to go with that toolset until 1999, which was too late. Other,
similar efforts like FreeBSD and NetBSD have been technically successful
but never caught fire the way Linux has; as this is written in 2003, Linux
has effectively swallowed all proprietary Unixes except Solaris and is
seriously challenging Microsoft. It has already captured 41% of the
Internet-server market and over 25% of general business servers.An earlier version of this entry opined “The secret of Linux's
success seems to be that Linus worked much harder early on to keep the
development process open and recruit other hackers, creating a snowball
effect.” Truer than we knew. See
bazaar.(Some people object that the name ‘Linux’ should be used
to refer only to the kernel, not the entire operating system. This claim
is a proxy for an underlying territorial dispute; people who insist on the
term GNU/Linux want the
FSF to get most of the credit for Linux because RMS
and friends wrote many of its user-level tools. Neither this theory nor
the term GNU/Linux has gained more
than minority acceptance).


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